Concept
Why this matters:A short explanation you can quote back when a child, teacher or relative asks why this rule exists at all.
The wiki’s source registry lists every external URL. Each entry carries the URL, the language, and the retrieval date.
See glossary for the provenance of a source stub.
Definition
A source in this wiki is an external document that backs a factual claim in an article.
Sources are catalogued under Wiki/sources/.
Each one is a small Markdown stub.
Articles refer to a source by its slug.
The reference uses square brackets with the source: prefix.
Scope
A source is not a bibliographic reference.
It is the URL plus a short provenance note. The note is sufficient to verify the quoted claim.
The registry below lists every source that a page on this site cites. Each entry links to the original and names its publisher. It also shows the date the source was last retrieved.
Why trust this page?
Belief-disclosure in plain language. Everything the page claims is sourced; instructions are tested against the software version stated above; nothing is bought or affiliate-linked.
- Standing of evidence
- Secondary (re-statement, review or institutional secondary)
- Tested against
- Last verified
- 2026-09-13
Sources used on this page, in the order they appear:
- No external sources were cited.
Statements quoted from a manufacturer that are still checked against independent sources are marked [claim]. They describe what the vendor says, not what is independently verified.
Source registry
Every source cited on this site, with publisher and the date it was last retrieved. The link opens the original.
- 16 Parental Control Apps for Android & Apple iOS
- 5Rights summary of Ofcom-commissioned research on persuasive design & child financial harms
- A Matter of Control or Safety? Examining Parental Use of Technical Monitoring Apps on Teens' Mobile Devices
- ABC News on Human Rights Watch EdTech investigation
- About alternative app distribution
- About Communication Safety on your child’s Apple device
- About Instagram Teen Accounts
- About iOS 13 Updates
- Add & manage supervision on a current Google Account
- Add users to a device / Mehrere Nutzer hinzufügen
- ADR-0003 — internal editorial decision record — not published, not an external source
- ADR-0005 — internal editorial decision record — not published, not an external source
- Age assurance frameworks Q&A
- Age checks to protect children online
- Age Range for Apps & Privacy
- Age ratings values and definitions
- Age requirements for apps in Brazil, Australia, Singapore, Utah, Louisiana
- Age requirements on Google Accounts
- Age requirements on Google Accounts / Mindestalter für Google-Konten
- Age verification - Telegram APIs
- Alternative distribution options
- Altersbeschränkungen für Nintendo Switch 2 und Nintendo Switch: Übersicht und häufig gestellte Fragen
- Android 17 Compatibility Definition
- Android Open Source Project Settings string resources
- Anleitung für Erziehungsberechtigte: So gestalten Sie mit Altersbeschränkungen das GameChat-Erlebnis Ihres Kindes
- App checklist for parents
- Apple Admits to Bug in Screen Time Parental Controls
- Apple returns parental control app OurPact to App Store
- Apple updates Declared Age Range API for age assurance laws
- Approve what kids buy and download with Ask to Buy
- Apps distributed in the EU: DMA support
- Australian Age Assurance Technology Trial, *Part D - Age Estimation*
- Australian Age Assurance Technology Trial, *Part K - Glossary, Bibliography and Literature Review*
- Australian Age Assurance Technology Trial, Stakeholder Advisory Board Minutes
- Australian Age Assurance Technology Trial, Stakeholder Engagement Event / evaluation methodology material
- AWMF Stufenklassifikationen
- Bark Parental Control App
- Benutzerhandbuch und häufig gestellte Fragen zu Steam-Familien
- Bestätigung von Käufen für Google Play
- Better Internet for Kids (BIK+) – European network
- Bildschirmzeit für ein Familienmitglied einrichten
- bke-Elternberatung – Online-Beratung für Eltern
- Block or unblock apps with Microsoft Family Safety
- Bluetooth | Android Open Source Project
- Character.ai Parental Controls — What Changed
- Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline
- Childline – 24/7 helpline for children and young people
- Children's Online Privacy Protection Rule ("COPPA")
- Chrome & your child’s Google Account
- Clapes et al., *From Apparent to Real Age: Gender, Age, Ethnic, Makeup, and Expression Bias Analysis in Real Age Estimation*, CVPR Workshops, DOI 10.1109/CVPRW.2018.00314
- Computers, Digital Devices, and Eye Strain
- Create an Apple Account for your child
- CVE-2022-50902 Advisory
- CVE-2022-50902: Wondershare FamiSafe Privilege Escalation
- Data breach exposes millions of mSpy spyware customers
- De Veirman et al.: What is influencer marketing and how does it target children?
- Declared Age Range
- Device management restrictions for iPhone and iPad devices
- Digital Devices and Your Eyes
- Digital Ecosystems, Children, and Adolescents: Technical Report
- Digital Markets Act: EU citizens Q&A
- Digitale Medien: Regeln und Vereinbarungen
- Discord Family Center - Safety
- DNS Privacy Considerations
- DNS Queries over HTTPS (DoH)
- Does my HUAWEI phone/tablet support PrivateSpace? / Unterstützt mein Huawei-Smartphone/Tablet die PrivateSpace-Funktion?
- E.S. v. Life360 Inc. complaint (PDF)
- Early days, early insights: SMMA evaluation, three months
- Einrichten, Anpassen oder Entfernen der Nintendo Switch 2-Altersbeschränkungen
- Eltern – Family Center (DE)
- Eltern (Saferinternet.at)
- Elternratgeber SCHAU HIN! (main site)
- Erstattung bei Google Play beantragen
- eSafety Commissioner – report cyberbullying and online abuse
- eSafety Commissioner, *Online Safety Codes and Standards Regulatory Guidance*
- eSafety Commissioner, *Social Media Minimum Age Regulatory Guidance*
- eSafety Commissioner, document set LOG 132, including discussion of age-estimation error near the 16 boundary
- eSafety Commissioner: The online experiences of children in Australia
- ESET applications scheduled for End of Life
- ESET stellt ausgewählte Endnutzerprodukte ein
- EU Kids Online 2020: Survey results from 19 countries (Smahel et al.)
- EU Kids Online II: Risks and safety on the internet — full findings
- euconsent.eu: Digital age of consent under the GDPR
- European Commission, *EU age verification*
- European strategy for a Better Internet for Kids, BIK+
- Facial Age Estimation for Safer Chat
- Familienzahlungsmethode bei Google Play verwenden
- Family Center for Parents and Guardians
- Family Center for Teens
- Family Center für Eltern und Erziehungsberechtigte
- Family Guide to Parental Controls
- Family Pairing - TikTok Support
- Family Privacy Disclosure for Children
- Family Sharing overview for kids and teens
- FAQ - JusProg Jugendschutzprogramm
- FAQ: access to online porn and other adult content
- Find & manage your child's location / Standort des Geräts Ihres Kindes anzeigen lassen und verwalten
- Forgot the password or security question for Digital balance (Student mode)
- Gaming Console Parental Controls UK Guide 2026
- Genehmigen, was Kinder mit einer Kaufanfrage kaufen und laden
- Get started with Family Link / Erste Schritte mit Family Link
- Getting started with parental controls on devices and accounts
- Give Your Child's Eyes a Screen-Time Break: Here's Why
- Google Play & your child’s Google Account
- Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of age
- Han, Otto & Jain, *Age estimation from face images: Human vs machine performance*, ICB, DOI 10.1109/ICB.2013.6613022
- Handreichung Elternabende: Smartphones, Apps, mobiles Internet
- Health advisory on social media use in adolescence
- Healthy Sleep Habits: How Many Hours Does Your Child Need?
- Hiba & Keller, *Hierarchical Attention-Based Age Estimation and Bias Analysis*, IEEE TPAMI 45(12), DOI 10.1109/TPAMI.2023.3319472
- Hiba & Keller, full-text preprint corresponding to the peer-reviewed work
- Hilfetelefon Sexueller Missbrauch
- Hintergrund - JusProg Jugendschutzprogramm
- How can parents support children's internet safety?
- How Character.AI Prioritizes Teen Safety
- How do I change my age?
- How do I complete the parental consent process?
- How do I find Family Center in the Snapchat app?
- How Family Sharing works
- How Google Accounts work when children turn 13
- How the DMA is making smartphones better: interoperability and data portability case studies
- How to change a birth date on a Microsoft account
- How to create Child Account
- How to help ensure you only install apps from the App Store instead of alternative app distribution
- How to leave or remove a member from a Family Sharing group
- How to manage app exceptions for your child
- How to set parental controls on PlayStation consoles
- How to set playtime on PlayStation
- How to set up content restrictions on Google Play / Inhaltsbeschränkungen bei Google Play einrichten
- How to set up content restrictions on Google Play / Inhaltsbeschränkungen bei Google Play einrichten
- How to set up your family on PlayStation
- How to Set Up, Adjust, or Remove Parental Controls on Nintendo Switch
- How to set-up a parent-managed account
- How to turn on Parental controls on the Xiaomi smartphone / Wie verwende ich die Kindersicherung auf dem Xiaomi 14T Pro?
- How To Use Parental Controls To Keep Your Kid Safer Online
- HSToday: Surge in online crimes against children (NCMEC mid-year 2025)
- ICO, *Expectations for age assurance and data protection compliance*
- ICO, equality-impact material addressing facial age-estimation inaccuracies
- ICO: Age appropriate design — a code of practice for online services
- If you forgot the Screen Time passcode for an iPhone or iPad
- Information for tech companies (Coalition Against Stalkerware)
- Informationen zu alternativen App-Anbietern
- Informationen zu einer sicheren Kommunikation auf dem Apple-Gerät deines Kindes
- Internet Ombudsstelle – Online-Beschwerdestelle
- Introducing parent-managed accounts on WhatsApp
- Introducing parental controls
- Introduction to the Access restrictions function in HUAWEI AppGallery
- ITU-T Recommendation E.114 — Service and operational aspects of the E.114 service
- JIM-Studie 2025 (PDF)
- Jugend und Medien (Homepage)
- Jugendliche ab 14 Jahren
- jugendschutz.net — Erste-Hilfe-Seite für Meldungen zu illegalen Inhalten
- JUUUPORT – Beratung von Jugendlichen für Jugendliche
- Kärkkäinen & Joo, *FairFace: Face Attribute Dataset for Balanced Race, Gender, and Age for Bias Measurement and Mitigation*, WACV, DOI 10.1109/WACV48630.2021.00159
- Kaspersky Safe Kids proves superior protection (Pressemitteilung mit Testzitaten)
- Kaufgenehmigungen bei Google Play
- Keeping children safe online
- Kids Helpline – counselling for ages 5 to 25
- KIM-Studie 2024 (PDF)
- Kinder und Bewegung
- Kinder und Jugendliche im digitalen Alltag absichern
- Kinder von 6 bis 10 Jahren
- Kinder-Tablets: unnötig und teuer
- Kinderschutz-Apps im Test: Diese zwei empfiehlt Stiftung Warentest
- Kinderschutz-Apps im Test: Nur zwei Apps helfen Eltern gut
- Kinderschutz-Apps im Warentest: Nur zwei sind gut
- Kinderschutz-Apps vorgestellt
- Kinderschutz-Apps: Kinderüberwachung mit Risiken
- klicksafe: jugendschutz.net Jahresbericht 2024 (summary)
- KOBIK / fedpol – Meldestelle für Cybercrime
- Learn about Google Play refund policies
- Leitlinie Prävention dysregulierte Mediennutzung
- Life360 Lawsuit: Data Breach, Privacy Claims
- Life360 Sued for Selling Location Data
- Livingstone & Stoilova: The 4Cs — Classifying online risk to children (CO:RE Short Report)
- Locking and unlocking the bootloader
- Madigan et al.: Prevalence of multiple forms of sexting behavior among youth
- Make Google Search safer with SafeSearch
- Manage advanced network settings on your Android phone
- Manage how you spend time on your Android phone with Digital Wellbeing / Einstellungen für die achtsame Nutzung Ihres Android-Smartphones mit Digital Wellbeing verwalten
- Manage how you spend time on your Android phone with Digital Wellbeing / Einstellungen für die achtsame Nutzung Ihres Android-Smartphones mit Digital Wellbeing verwalten
- Manage your child's screen time
- Managing parental consent
- Maximizing Opportunities and Minimizing Risks for Children Online: The Role of Digital Skills in Emerging Strategies of Parental Mediation
- Media Literacy Interventions: A Meta-Analytic Review
- Media literacy interventions: meta-analytic review of 40 years of research
- Medien in der Familie
- Medienkonsum von Kindern und Jugendlichen
- Medienzeiten: Feste Bildschirmzeiten für Kinder vereinbaren
- Mehr Überwachung als Schutz: Kinderschutz-Apps im Test
- Meta-analysis of associations between digital parenting and children's digital wellbeing
- Mit „Bildschirmzeit“ In-App-Käufe auf deinem iPhone oder iPad deaktivieren
- Monthly Spending Limits
- mSpy (2024) Data Breach
- MSpy admits hacking and data theft
- Myopia (Nearsightedness) in Children & Teens
- NCMEC: 2024 in Numbers
- New advice for parents on screen time for young children
- New Instagram Teen Accounts: Default Settings
- NIST IFPC 2025 presentation on FATE Age Estimation and Verification
- NIST publication record, *Face Analysis Technology Evaluation: Age Estimation and Verification*
- NIST, *Face Analysis Technology Evaluation: Age Estimation and Verification*, rolling report
- NISTIR 8525, *Face Analysis Technology Evaluation: Age Estimation and Verification*
- Non-A/B system updates: recovery device code
- NSPCC Helpline – advice for adults concerned about a child
- Nummer gegen Kummer – Elterntelefon
- Nummer gegen Kummer – Kinder- und Jugendtelefon
- Online Safety Hub: IWF Annual Data and Insights Report 2025 summary
- Parent resources - eSafety Commissioner
- Parent-adolescent communication in a digital world: A 100-day diary study
- Parent-Managed Accounts - WhatsApp Help Center
- Parental Controls - Epic Games
- Parental controls (NSPCC)
- Parental controls & settings for supervised kid accounts on YouTube
- Parental controls and privacy settings guides
- Parental Controls FAQ - Roblox Support
- Parental Controls for Nintendo Switch 2 and Nintendo Switch Overview/FAQ
- Parental controls for YouTube Kids profiles
- Parental controls in ChatGPT FAQ
- Parental Controls in Minecraft
- Parental Controls Overview
- Parental Insights
- Parental Test 2023 (Kaspersky Safe Kids Premium)
- Parental Test 2026 (Kaspersky Safe Kids)
- Parentline – counselling and support for parents and carers
- Parents/guardians insights about teen AI use
- Pew Research Center: Teens and Cyberbullying 2022
- Pew Research Center: Teens, Social Media and Technology 2024
- Press Association via Yahoo: Record levels of pages hosting child abuse imagery 2024
- Pro Juventute – Elternberatung
- Pro Juventute 147 – Notfallberatung für Kinder und Jugendliche
- Produktetests - ktipp.ch
- Protect Teens on Instagram - Family Center
- Purchase approvals on Google Play
- Purchase approvals on Google Play / Kaufgenehmigungen bei Google Play
- Purchase verification for Google Play
- Qustodio Family Privacy Policy
- Qustodio Legal notice
- Rat auf Draht – Notruf für Kinder, Jugendliche und Eltern
- Recommendations for children and young people, 5 to 17 years
- Recommendations for infants, toddlers and preschoolers, birth to 5 years
- Reducing Harm From Media: A Meta-Analysis of Parental Mediation
- Region-specific rules for managing an Apple Account
- Report charges that you don't recognise
- Request a refund for apps or content that you bought from Apple
- Request a refund on Google Play
- Restrictions for Apple devices
- Review MDM restrictions for Apple devices
- RFC 9490 — Report from the IAB Workshop on Management Techniques in Encrypted Networks (M-TEN)
- S2k-Leitlinie Prävention dysregulierten Bildschirmmediengebrauchs in Kindheit und Jugend, register 027-075
- Safety Center
- Safety vs. Surveillance: What Children Have to Say about Mobile Apps for Parental Control
- Samsung Kids on your Galaxy phone or tablet / Samsung Kids nutzen
- Screen time and online harms: resources for members
- Screen use by children aged 5-16: call for evidence
- Screen use by children aged under 5
- Search (CVE list Wondershare Famisafe)
- Set a schedule on your child's device / Zeitplan für das Gerät Ihres Kindes festlegen
- Set an age limit for content on Xbox
- Set Device Time for Your Child / Gerätezeit für Ihr Kind einstellen
- Set schedules with Screen Time on iPhone
- Set screen time limits across devices
- Set up parental controls on an Android device / Jugendschutzeinstellungen auf einem Android-Gerät einrichten
- Set up supervision to continue using your Google Account
- Set up supervision to continue using your Google Account / Elternaufsicht einrichten, um das Google-Konto weiterhin nutzen zu können
- Share your age range with apps
- Share your location with your Family Sharing group
- Sicherstellen, dass Apps ausschließlich aus dem App Store und nicht von alternativen App-Anbietern installiert werden
- Signal and the GDPR
- Signal und die DSGVO
- Smartwatches: Wenn Kinderuhren die Umgebung heimlich belauschen
- Social Media and Mental Health
- Social media is harming adolescents at a scale large enough to cause changes at the population level
- Social media use and adolescent mental health: an umbrella review and power analysis
- Spending limits in Family Safety
- Stalkerware vendor mSpy breached for a third time
- STEAM Abonnementvereinbarung
- Steam Families User Guide & FAQ
- Steam Subscriber Agreement
- Stevens et al.: Global prevalence of gaming disorder (meta-analysis)
- Stiftung Warentest warnt: Apple-Kinderschutz hat gefährliche Lücken
- Stiftung Warentest: Kinderschutzsoftware im Test
- Stoilova et al.: Classifying and responding to online risk to children (EU BIK good-practice guide)
- Suchtartiges Onlineverhalten
- Supervised experience on YouTube
- Supervision Tools for Teen Accounts
- Technical Considerations for Internet Service Blocking and Filtering
- Telegram - Hwb - gov.wales
- Test: Apple iOS - Stiftung Warentest
- Test: Parental Control Apps for Google Android, Apple iOS & Amazon Fire OS
- The association between adolescent well-being and digital technology use
- The Best Parental Control Apps to Manage Screen Time (and Keep Your Kid Safer Online)
- TLS Encrypted ClientHello
- Transfer Play Balance from your child’s account
- Troubleshooting Microsoft Family Safety
- Twitch Support announcement
- Überblick über die Familienfreigabe für Kinder und Jugendliche
- UK Department for Science, Innovation and Technology, *Age Assurance Data Access Study*
- Umgang mit digitalen Medien: Regeln und Vereinbarungen
- Unauthorized modification of iOS
- Understand YouTube & YouTube Kids options for your child
- University of Oxford: Self-harm content study (OxWell 2025, Nature Mental Health)
- Use a family payment method on Google Play
- Use Family Link to manage Google Kids Space / Google Kids Space mit Family Link verwalten
- Use Google's Family Link parental controls on your Galaxy phone or tablet
- Use of Age Assurance Report 2026
- Use parental controls to manage your child’s iPhone or iPad
- Use Screen Time to manage your child’s iPhone or iPad
- Use Screen Time to turn off in-app purchases on your iPhone or iPad
- Use the Secure Folder on your Galaxy phone or tablet
- Was ist der Bildschirmabstand?
- Was ist der Unterschied zwischen einem gewöhnlichen Nintendo-Account und einem Nintendo-Account für Kinder?
- What changes when a ChatGPT user turns 18
- What happens when a child reaches the country age / relevant account-age transition article
- What happens when a child reaches the country age / relevant account-age transition article
- What is Family Center?
- What is Family Center?
- What is online grooming? A guide for parents
- What is Screen Distance?
- What is Signal? What parents need to know
- What Is the Difference Between a General Nintendo Account and a Nintendo Account for a Child?
- WHO Europe/HBSC: Teens, screens and mental health (2021/22 data)
- WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour
- Wi-Fi MAC randomization behavior
- Wie ändere ich mein Alter?
- Wie richte ich einen technischen Kinderschutz ein?
- Windows of developmental sensitivity to social media
- With antitrust investigations looming, Apple reverses course